Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8303 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 24, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.33% are Black/African American, 19.81% are LatinX, and 27.45% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2140)\)
  • No \((N = 4927)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 977)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 238)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.04 .841
Intend to apply 0.36 .547
No 5.57 .018
Yes 4.92 .026

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.14 .285
Intend to apply 0.22 .636
No 3.72 .054
Yes 2.42 .120

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.67 .415
Intend to apply 1.23 .267
No 0.34 .562
Yes 0.69 .407

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.01 .912
Intend to apply 0.05 .829
No 0.01 .940
Yes 0.01 .933

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.97 .160
Intend to apply 5.46 .019
No 45.69 < .001
Yes 59.68 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.32 .569
Intend to apply 0.62 .432
No 7.22 .007
Yes 4.98 .026

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 31.84 < .001
Intend to apply 11.36 .001
No 648.75 < .001
Yes 996.68 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 43.16 < .001
Intend to apply 16.24 .001
No 751.40 < .001
Yes 1080.41 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 32.89 < .001
Intend to apply 15.62 .001
No 660.61 < .001
Yes 1008.53 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 36.24 < .001
Intend to apply 15.71 .001
No 660.46 < .001
Yes 1007.81 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 36.24 < .001
Intend to apply 15.71 .001
No 660.46 < .001
Yes 1007.81 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1178)\)
    • Food \((N = 523)\)
    • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 310)\)
    • Disability (not military) \((N = 284)\)
    • Military Pension \((N = 6)\)
    • Military Disability \((N = )\)
    • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
    • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 146)\)
    • Housing Subsidy \((N = 66)\)
    • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
    • Other \((N = 40)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.79 .376
Food 1.60 .206
Income 0.04 .849
Disability 1.38 .241
Military pension 4.32 .038
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.54 .462
Military 0.03 .872
Housing 0.03 .859
Childcare 0.00 .968
Other 0.05 .831

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.03 .870
Food 0.44 .508
Income 0.01 .920
Disability 1.84 .175
Military pension 0.01 .908
Military disability 0.22 .640
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 6.02 .014
Housing 9.37 .002
Childcare 0.03 .869
Other 0.23 .633

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 3.50 .062
Food 0.11 .739
Income 3.49 .062
Disability 3.73 .053
Military pension 0.27 .606
Military disability 0.04 .846
Military medical 0.15 .700
Military 4.21 .040
Housing 9.91 .002
Childcare 5.20 .023
Other 0.16 .688

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 0.66 .416
Food 1.07 .301
Income 2.37 .123
Disability 3.30 .069
Military pension 0.67 .414
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.18 .670
Housing 0.48 .486
Childcare 2.09 .149
Other 0.39 .535

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 5.68 .017
Food 47.69 < .001
Income 75.42 < .001
Disability 1.56 .212
Military pension 1.38 .239
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 4.85 .028
Military 13.72 < .001
Housing 12.33 < .001
Childcare 2.80 .094
Other 0.03 .854

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.06 .151
Food 1.01 .315
Income 1.45 .228
Disability 0.00 .985
Military pension 1.76 .185
Military disability 0.76 .382
Military medical 0.01 .925
Military 0.01 .914
Housing 2.94 .087
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.85 .355

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 477.19 < .001
Food 173.93 < .001
Income 117.87 < .001
Disability 86.00 < .001
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.05 .830
Military medical 0.71 .401
Military 80.31 < .001
Housing 16.94 < .001
Childcare 1.99 .158
Other 18.26 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 500.62 < .001
Food 182.52 < .001
Income 131.88 < .001
Disability 195.75 < .001
Military pension 5.45 .141
Military disability 1.42 .700
Military medical 2.85 .415
Military 98.79 < .001
Housing 20.63 < .001
Childcare 2.64 .450
Other 22.27 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 480.15 < .001
Food 197.23 < .001
Income 178.07 < .001
Disability 84.70 < .001
Military pension 6.68 .083
Military disability 1.20 .753
Military medical 4.19 .241
Military 92.61 < .001
Housing 25.46 < .001
Childcare 3.65 .301
Other 20.76 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 497.19 < .001
Food 185.23 < .001
Income 122.31 < .001
Disability 86.07 < .001
Military pension 4.86 .183
Military disability 14.86 .002
Military medical 3.14 .370
Military 86.08 < .001
Housing 29.21 < .001
Childcare 5.76 .124
Other 28.00 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 483.61 < .001
Food 172.78 < .001
Income 121.20 < .001
Disability 95.68 < .001
Military pension 1.91 .591
Military disability 2.38 .497
Military medical 2.06 .560
Military 82.74 < .001
Housing 22.27 < .001
Childcare 2.90 .407
Other 21.78 < .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 4937)\)
    • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 395)\)
    • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 553)\)
    • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 195)\)
    • Other \((N = 67)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.02 .896
No, not expected 0.03 .865
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.01 .914
Yes 0.03 .865

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.51 .218
No, not expected 8.41 .004
Other 0.05 .820
Unsure 7.27 .007
Yes 17.58 < .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.06 .806
No, not expected 0.02 .881
Other 0.94 .331
Unsure 1.60 .205
Yes 0.66 .417

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.26 .071
No, not expected 10.01 .002
Other 0.16 .685
Unsure 2.18 .140
Yes 15.71 < .001

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 28.90 < .001
No, not expected 1.24 .265
Other 0.06 .812
Unsure 1.11 .293
Yes 7.60 .006

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.23 .136
No, not expected 4.08 .043
Other 0.07 .794
Unsure 4.67 .031
Yes 12.23 < .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.32 .068
No, not expected 0.24 .625
Other 35.33 < .001
Unsure 4.66 .031
Yes 0.93 .335

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 6.24 .101
No, not expected 0.77 .857
Other 39.11 < .001
Unsure 10.61 .014
Yes 1.44 .697

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 36.54 < .001
No, not expected 0.63 .890
Other 38.26 < .001
Unsure 7.87 .049
Yes 15.07 .002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.62 .132
No, not expected 6.07 .108
Other 41.13 < .001
Unsure 10.09 .018
Yes 13.71 .003

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.62 .132
No, not expected 6.07 .108
Other 41.13 < .001
Unsure 10.09 .018
Yes 13.71 .003

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3544)\)
    • Has stayed the same \((N = 3516)\)
    • Has increased \((N = 1194)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 9.14 .002
Increased 9.38 .002
Stayed the same 0.68 .408

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 0.40 .527
Increased 0.41 .521
Stayed the same 1.24 .265

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.62 .018
Increased 1.11 .292
Stayed the same 2.55 .111

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.17 .041
Increased 3.29 .070
Stayed the same 0.53 .466

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.66 .017
Increased 0.06 .803
Stayed the same 6.73 .009

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 21.49 < .001
Increased 0.02 .889
Stayed the same 20.35 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 102.21 < .001
Increased 2.29 .130
Stayed the same 126.29 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 243.33 < .001
Increased 12.84 .005
Stayed the same 201.87 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 96.17 < .001
Increased 1.29 .732
Stayed the same 105.74 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 104.52 < .001
Increased 0.92 .820
Stayed the same 115.05 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 104.52 < .001
Increased 0.92 .820
Stayed the same 115.05 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2375)\)
    • Minor problems \((N = 4223)\)
    • Major problems \((N = 1303)\)
    • Extreme problems \((N = 391)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 19.13 < .001
Minor 0.20 .657
Major 11.87 .001
Extreme 5.11 .024

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 5.52 .019
Minor 0.00 > .999
Major 1.52 .218
Extreme 7.78 .005

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 6.81 .009
Minor 1.34 .247
Major 2.72 .099
Extreme 0.00 > .999

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.02 .898
Minor 0.26 .610
Major 1.21 .272
Extreme 0.08 .779

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 22.85 < .001
Minor 0.00 > .999
Major 10.97 .001
Extreme 19.64 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 41.79 < .001
Minor 1.89 .169
Major 26.29 < .001
Extreme 2.59 .108

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 468.56 < .001
Minor 4.10 .043
Major 241.17 < .001
Extreme 222.52 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 562.95 < .001
Minor 35.09 < .001
Major 322.42 < .001
Extreme 331.32 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 478.56 < .001
Minor 7.56 .056
Major 248.35 < .001
Extreme 239.49 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.020
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.078
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 498.53 < .001
Minor 5.99 .112
Major 268.13 < .001
Extreme 226.28 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.020
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.078
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 498.53 < .001
Minor 5.99 .112
Major 268.13 < .001
Extreme 226.28 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5860)\)
    • Yes \((N = 2424)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 6.63 .010
Yes 6.63 .010

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 7.27 .007
Yes 7.27 .007

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.84 .175
Yes 1.84 .175

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.6 .206
Yes 1.6 .206

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.26 .262
Yes 1.26 .262

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 11.73 .001
Yes 11.73 .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 32.65 < .001
Yes 32.65 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 57.5 < .001
Yes 57.5 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 44.42 < .001
Yes 44.42 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 37.8 < .001
Yes 37.8 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 37.8 < .001
Yes 37.8 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 6817)\)
    • Yes \((N = 1028)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 3.79 .052
Yes 3.79 .052

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.08 .298
Yes 1.08 .298

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.11 .740
Yes 0.11 .740

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.56 .456
Yes 0.56 .456

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.01 .907
Yes 0.01 .907

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 13.57 < .001
Yes 13.57 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 13.17 < .001
Yes 13.17 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 55.65 < .001
Yes 55.65 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 18.35 < .001
Yes 18.35 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 21.72 < .001
Yes 21.72 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 21.72 < .001
Yes 21.72 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 210)\)
    • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 179)\)
    • Inability to find childcare \((N = 291)\)
    • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1867)\)
    • Caring for family members \((N = 181)\)
    • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 163)\)
    • Other, please describe \((N = 411)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.36 .244
Time away from work 0.00 > .999
Inability find childcare 0.20 .656
Concern for covid 1.00 .318
Caring for family 0.00 > .999
Vaccine hesitancy 0.51 .474
Other 13.84 < .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 .972
Time away from work 4.31 .038
Inability find childcare 1.68 .194
Concern for covid 2.14 .144
Caring for family 1.79 .181
Vaccine hesitancy 5.31 .021
Other 0.82 .364

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.98 .159
Time away from work 0.93 .335
Inability find childcare 0.03 .864
Concern for covid 1.39 .239
Caring for family 0.34 .562
Vaccine hesitancy 2.56 .110
Other 1.20 .274

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.02 .899
Time away from work 1.81 .178
Inability find childcare 0.34 .562
Concern for covid 0.38 .535
Caring for family 0.69 .405
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 .968
Other 4.85 .028

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.15 .076
Time away from work 4.92 .027
Inability find childcare 2.67 .102
Concern for covid 3.46 .063
Caring for family 4.65 .031
Vaccine hesitancy 3.90 .048
Other 12.08 .001

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 15.80 < .001
Time away from work 3.50 .061
Inability find childcare 5.83 .016
Concern for covid 15.74 < .001
Caring for family 5.95 .015
Vaccine hesitancy 1.02 .313
Other 7.04 .008

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.37 .066
Time away from work 1.91 .167
Inability find childcare 10.79 .001
Concern for covid 22.51 < .001
Caring for family 12.57 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 7.32 .007
Other 2.23 .136

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 17.73 < .001
Time away from work 8.38 .039
Inability find childcare 15.26 .002
Concern for covid 47.09 < .001
Caring for family 16.84 .001
Vaccine hesitancy 21.60 < .001
Other 7.43 .059

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 11.65 .009
Time away from work 4.63 .201
Inability find childcare 13.42 .004
Concern for covid 33.83 < .001
Caring for family 22.80 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 30.88 < .001
Other 19.73 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 11.05 .011
Time away from work 3.27 .351
Inability find childcare 17.72 .001
Concern for covid 33.91 < .001
Caring for family 22.17 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 11.34 .010
Other 7.83 .050

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 6.55 .088
Time away from work 2.54 .468
Inability find childcare 13.56 .004
Concern for covid 25.37 < .001
Caring for family 12.76 .005
Vaccine hesitancy 11.54 .009
Other 14.52 .002

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2760)\)
    • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1382)\)
    • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3719)\)
    • Unsure \((N = 416)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.52 .471
No, not eligible 5.60 .018
Unsure 0.37 .542
Yes 7.74 .005

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 4.71 .030
No, not eligible 0.91 .340
Unsure 2.45 .117
Yes 0.00 .983

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 2.98 .084
No, not eligible 15.44 < .001
Unsure 1.77 .183
Yes 11.57 .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.00 .974
No, not eligible 0.07 .798
Unsure 0.04 .840
Yes 0.04 .840

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.58 .058
No, not eligible 118.51 < .001
Unsure 0.94 .332
Yes 109.04 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.03 .008
No, not eligible 80.10 < .001
Unsure 0.60 .439
Yes 48.03 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.87 .009
No, not eligible 1101.87 < .001
Unsure 10.83 .001
Yes 1297.97 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 18.59 < .001
No, not eligible 1172.71 < .001
Unsure 14.41 .002
Yes 1357.07 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 20.93 < .001
No, not eligible 1157.34 < .001
Unsure 16.51 .001
Yes 1332.39 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 20.11 < .001
No, not eligible 1154.94 < .001
Unsure 11.89 .008
Yes 1322.11 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 20.11 < .001
No, not eligible 1154.94 < .001
Unsure 11.89 .008
Yes 1322.11 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1968)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1588)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1968)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1483)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 199)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 600)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.30 .583
No, didn’t know how 4.08 .043
No, not available 17.40 < .001
No, planned 0.25 .619
Yes 10.98 .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.58 .058
No, didn’t know how 1.73 .189
No, not available 15.02 < .001
No, planned 0.85 .355
Yes 4.05 .044

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 9.69 .002
No, didn’t know how 1.37 .242
No, not available 0.08 .781
No, planned 1.26 .261
Yes 9.41 .002

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.75 .186
No, didn’t know how 7.44 .006
No, not available 0.06 .806
No, planned 0.34 .557
Yes 1.23 .267

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.70 .404
No, didn’t know how 0.00 .953
No, not available 12.14 < .001
No, planned 32.01 < .001
Yes 66.39 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.01 .921
No, didn’t know how 0.00 .952
No, not available 12.36 < .001
No, planned 46.05 < .001
Yes 95.54 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 .986
No, didn’t know how 12.41 < .001
No, not available 86.69 < .001
No, planned 191.53 < .001
Yes 446.83 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 .986
No, didn’t know how 12.41 < .001
No, not available 86.69 < .001
No, planned 191.53 < .001
Yes 446.83 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.80 .284
No, didn’t know how 13.94 .003
No, not available 94.42 < .001
No, planned 207.35 < .001
Yes 479.64 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.11 .375
No, didn’t know how 16.80 .001
No, not available 95.87 < .001
No, planned 207.10 < .001
Yes 474.44 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.24 .971
No, didn’t know how 18.09 < .001
No, not available 98.40 < .001
No, planned 221.43 < .001
Yes 501.29 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.24 .971
No, didn’t know how 18.09 < .001
No, not available 98.40 < .001
No, planned 221.43 < .001
Yes 501.29 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 609)\)
  • Hard \((N = 1007)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4491)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 27.01 < .001
Somewhat hard 9.86 .002
Hard 2.20 .138
Very hard 7.24 .007

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 2.95 .086
Somewhat hard 1.63 .201
Hard 0.77 .380
Very hard 4.88 .027

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 11.01 .001
Somewhat hard 2.03 .154
Hard 2.76 .097
Very hard 3.06 .080

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1.27 .259
Somewhat hard 0.82 .364
Hard 1.37 .242
Very hard 0.69 .408

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 69.35 < .001
Somewhat hard 26.97 < .001
Hard 9.67 .002
Very hard 9.63 .002

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 80.11 < .001
Somewhat hard 30.48 < .001
Hard 14.69 < .001
Very hard 8.25 .004

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 827.45 < .001
Somewhat hard 172.83 < .001
Hard 210.44 < .001
Very hard 232.34 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 948.41 < .001
Somewhat hard 210.13 < .001
Hard 224.46 < .001
Very hard 308.90 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 866.35 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.64 < .001
Hard 223.40 < .001
Very hard 234.45 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 885.30 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.97 < .001
Hard 231.32 < .001
Very hard 234.23 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 885.30 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.97 < .001
Hard 231.32 < .001
Very hard 234.23 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1838)\)
    • Housing \((N = 1959)\)
    • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
    • Healthcare \((N = 968)\)
    • Social \((N = 890)\)
    • Emotional \((N = 927)\)
    • Childcare \((N = 818)\)
    • Other \((N = 225)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 6.48 .011
House 7.26 .007
Utilities 31.52 < .001
Healthcare 21.62 < .001
Social 0.20 .654
Emotional 4.84 .028
Childcare 5.80 .016
Other 2.45 .117

West

key statistic p.value
Food 1.32 .250
House 0.15 .699
Utilities 14.53 < .001
Healthcare 0.65 .419
Social 0.64 .424
Emotional 2.29 .130
Childcare 0.54 .462
Other 1.28 .257

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 9.73 .002
House 6.57 .010
Utilities 5.34 .021
Healthcare 17.04 < .001
Social 0.32 .569
Emotional 1.90 .168
Childcare 7.56 .006
Other 0.14 .707

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 1.15 .284
House 1.53 .217
Utilities 0.06 .803
Healthcare 0.53 .466
Social 0.03 .872
Emotional 0.10 .750
Childcare 1.24 .265
Other 0.01 .932

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 29.17 < .001
House 22.70 < .001
Utilities 40.85 < .001
Healthcare 0.07 .798
Social 0.00 .951
Emotional 0.03 .867
Childcare 21.90 < .001
Other 1.32 .250

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 33.95 < .001
House 47.05 < .001
Utilities 33.99 < .001
Healthcare 14.17 < .001
Social 0.23 .630
Emotional 0.00 .959
Childcare 2.15 .143
Other 0.00 .962

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 283.46 < .001
House 377.89 < .001
Utilities 744.67 < .001
Healthcare 1.45 .229
Social 145.39 < .001
Emotional 180.04 < .001
Childcare 27.77 < .001
Other 81.29 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 327.90 < .001
House 480.90 < .001
Utilities 876.07 < .001
Healthcare 30.40 < .001
Social 161.20 < .001
Emotional 203.34 < .001
Childcare 28.43 < .001
Other 99.81 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 305.47 < .001
House 392.94 < .001
Utilities 773.29 < .001
Healthcare 2.81 .422
Social 158.36 < .001
Emotional 189.97 < .001
Childcare 46.59 < .001
Other 84.02 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 310.93 < .001
House 404.37 < .001
Utilities 763.15 < .001
Healthcare 21.77 < .001
Social 164.05 < .001
Emotional 210.82 < .001
Childcare 37.03 < .001
Other 84.72 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 292.77 < .001
House 391.15 < .001
Utilities 757.09 < .001
Healthcare 21.50 < .001
Social 156.80 < .001
Emotional 181.11 < .001
Childcare 35.04 < .001
Other 87.26 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4606)\)
    • 1 \((N = 828)\)
    • 2 \((N = 1069)\)
    • 3 \((N = 889)\)
    • 4 \((N = 483)\)
    • 5 \((N = 249)\)
    • 6 \((N = 111)\)
    • 7 \((N = 64)\)
    • 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 26.83 < .001
1 2.15 .142
2 3.90 .048
3 3.95 .047
4 4.07 .044
5 0.02 .900
6 4.59 .032

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.32 .068
1 0.60 .440
2 2.56 .110
3 0.07 .796
4 0.01 .920
5 0.01 .934
6 1.85 .173

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 10.63 .001
1 0.07 .796
2 0.13 .721
3 6.27 .012
4 5.20 .023
5 0.00 .971
6 2.24 .134

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.10 .295
1 1.17 .279
2 0.02 .877
3 0.11 .736
4 0.01 .942
5 0.04 .842
6 0.11 .744

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 69.96 < .001
1 26.64 < .001
2 19.74 < .001
3 5.15 .023
4 0.73 .393
5 0.24 .626
6 2.97 .085

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 78.71 < .001
1 26.65 < .001
2 21.86 < .001
3 8.42 .004
4 0.00 .986
5 0.62 .432
6 2.49 .115

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 809.19 < .001
1 94.10 < .001
2 178.77 < .001
3 113.70 < .001
4 53.73 < .001
5 39.87 < .001
6 26.60 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 935.83 < .001
1 111.94 < .001
2 206.76 < .001
3 139.31 < .001
4 65.16 < .001
5 49.19 < .001
6 33.74 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 850.14 < .001
1 109.16 < .001
2 187.16 < .001
3 125.35 < .001
4 56.66 < .001
5 44.43 < .001
6 30.50 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.307
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 866.58 < .001
1 110.15 < .001
2 194.04 < .001
3 121.38 < .001
4 59.50 < .001
5 44.10 < .001
6 34.33 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.168
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 866.58 < .001
1 110.15 < .001
2 194.04 < .001
3 121.38 < .001
4 59.50 < .001
5 44.10 < .001
6 34.33 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 26.83 < .001
1+ 26.83 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.32 .068
1+ 3.32 .068

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 10.63 .001
1+ 10.63 .001

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.1 .295
1+ 1.1 .295

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 69.96 < .001
1+ 69.96 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 78.71 < .001
1+ 78.71 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 809.19 < .001
1+ 809.19 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 935.83 < .001
1+ 935.83 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 850.14 < .001
1+ 850.14 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.717
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 866.58 < .001
1+ 866.58 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.513
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 866.58 < .001
1+ 866.58 < .001