Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8303 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 24, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.33% are Black/African American, 19.81% are LatinX, and 27.45% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2140)\)
• No \((N = 4927)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 977)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 238)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.04	.841
Intend to apply	0.36	.547
No	5.57	.018
Yes	4.92	.026

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.14	.285
Intend to apply	0.22	.636
No	3.72	.054
Yes	2.42	.120

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.67	.415
Intend to apply	1.23	.267
No	0.34	.562
Yes	0.69	.407

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.01	.912
Intend to apply	0.05	.829
No	0.01	.940
Yes	0.01	.933

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.97	.160
Intend to apply	5.46	.019
No	45.69	< .001
Yes	59.68	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.32	.569
Intend to apply	0.62	.432
No	7.22	.007
Yes	4.98	.026

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	31.84	< .001
Intend to apply	11.36	.001
No	648.75	< .001
Yes	996.68	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	43.16	< .001
Intend to apply	16.24	.001
No	751.40	< .001
Yes	1080.41	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	32.89	< .001
Intend to apply	15.62	.001
No	660.61	< .001
Yes	1008.53	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	36.24	< .001
Intend to apply	15.71	.001
No	660.46	< .001
Yes	1007.81	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	36.24	< .001
Intend to apply	15.71	.001
No	660.46	< .001
Yes	1007.81	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-2.35	-5.89	1.18	.559
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.45	2.73	6.16	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.77	-5.66	-1.89	.001
Intend to apply - No	6.80	3.56	10.04	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-1.42	-4.76	1.92	.838
No - Yes	-8.22	-9.49	-6.95	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1178)\)
  • Food \((N = 523)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 310)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 284)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 6)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 146)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 66)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
  • Other \((N = 40)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.79	.376
Food	1.60	.206
Income	0.04	.849
Disability	1.38	.241
Military pension	4.32	.038
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.54	.462
Military	0.03	.872
Housing	0.03	.859
Childcare	0.00	.968
Other	0.05	.831

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.03	.870
Food	0.44	.508
Income	0.01	.920
Disability	1.84	.175
Military pension	0.01	.908
Military disability	0.22	.640
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	6.02	.014
Housing	9.37	.002
Childcare	0.03	.869
Other	0.23	.633

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.50	.062
Food	0.11	.739
Income	3.49	.062
Disability	3.73	.053
Military pension	0.27	.606
Military disability	0.04	.846
Military medical	0.15	.700
Military	4.21	.040
Housing	9.91	.002
Childcare	5.20	.023
Other	0.16	.688

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.66	.416
Food	1.07	.301
Income	2.37	.123
Disability	3.30	.069
Military pension	0.67	.414
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.18	.670
Housing	0.48	.486
Childcare	2.09	.149
Other	0.39	.535

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	5.68	.017
Food	47.69	< .001
Income	75.42	< .001
Disability	1.56	.212
Military pension	1.38	.239
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	4.85	.028
Military	13.72	< .001
Housing	12.33	< .001
Childcare	2.80	.094
Other	0.03	.854

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.06	.151
Food	1.01	.315
Income	1.45	.228
Disability	0.00	.985
Military pension	1.76	.185
Military disability	0.76	.382
Military medical	0.01	.925
Military	0.01	.914
Housing	2.94	.087
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.85	.355

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	477.19	< .001
Food	173.93	< .001
Income	117.87	< .001
Disability	86.00	< .001
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.05	.830
Military medical	0.71	.401
Military	80.31	< .001
Housing	16.94	< .001
Childcare	1.99	.158
Other	18.26	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	500.62	< .001
Food	182.52	< .001
Income	131.88	< .001
Disability	195.75	< .001
Military pension	5.45	.141
Military disability	1.42	.700
Military medical	2.85	.415
Military	98.79	< .001
Housing	20.63	< .001
Childcare	2.64	.450
Other	22.27	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	480.15	< .001
Food	197.23	< .001
Income	178.07	< .001
Disability	84.70	< .001
Military pension	6.68	.083
Military disability	1.20	.753
Military medical	4.19	.241
Military	92.61	< .001
Housing	25.46	< .001
Childcare	3.65	.301
Other	20.76	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	497.19	< .001
Food	185.23	< .001
Income	122.31	< .001
Disability	86.07	< .001
Military pension	4.86	.183
Military disability	14.86	.002
Military medical	3.14	.370
Military	86.08	< .001
Housing	29.21	< .001
Childcare	5.76	.124
Other	28.00	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	483.61	< .001
Food	172.78	< .001
Income	121.20	< .001
Disability	95.68	< .001
Military pension	1.91	.591
Military disability	2.38	.497
Military medical	2.06	.560
Military	82.74	< .001
Housing	22.27	< .001
Childcare	2.90	.407
Other	21.78	< .001

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 4937)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 395)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 553)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 195)\)
  • Other \((N = 67)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.02	.896
No, not expected	0.03	.865
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.01	.914
Yes	0.03	.865

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.51	.218
No, not expected	8.41	.004
Other	0.05	.820
Unsure	7.27	.007
Yes	17.58	< .001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.06	.806
No, not expected	0.02	.881
Other	0.94	.331
Unsure	1.60	.205
Yes	0.66	.417

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.26	.071
No, not expected	10.01	.002
Other	0.16	.685
Unsure	2.18	.140
Yes	15.71	< .001

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	28.90	< .001
No, not expected	1.24	.265
Other	0.06	.812
Unsure	1.11	.293
Yes	7.60	.006

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.23	.136
No, not expected	4.08	.043
Other	0.07	.794
Unsure	4.67	.031
Yes	12.23	< .001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.32	.068
No, not expected	0.24	.625
Other	35.33	< .001
Unsure	4.66	.031
Yes	0.93	.335

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	6.24	.101
No, not expected	0.77	.857
Other	39.11	< .001
Unsure	10.61	.014
Yes	1.44	.697

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	36.54	< .001
No, not expected	0.63	.890
Other	38.26	< .001
Unsure	7.87	.049
Yes	15.07	.002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	5.62	.132
No, not expected	6.07	.108
Other	41.13	< .001
Unsure	10.09	.018
Yes	13.71	.003

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	5.62	.132
No, not expected	6.07	.108
Other	41.13	< .001
Unsure	10.09	.018
Yes	13.71	.003

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	-0.94	-4.17	2.30	.980
No, expected - Other	-1.37	-7.86	5.12	.994
No, expected - Unsure	0.01	-4.29	4.31	> .999
No, expected - Yes	-0.60	-3.16	1.97	.991
No, not expected - Other	-0.43	-6.78	5.92	> .999
No, not expected - Unsure	0.95	-3.14	5.04	.991
No, not expected - Yes	0.34	-1.86	2.55	.998
Other - Unsure	1.38	-5.58	8.33	.995
Other - Yes	0.77	-5.27	6.81	.999
Unsure - Yes	-0.61	-4.19	2.98	.997

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3544)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3516)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 1194)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	9.14	.002
Increased	9.38	.002
Stayed the same	0.68	.408

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	0.40	.527
Increased	0.41	.521
Stayed the same	1.24	.265

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.62	.018
Increased	1.11	.292
Stayed the same	2.55	.111

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.17	.041
Increased	3.29	.070
Stayed the same	0.53	.466

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.66	.017
Increased	0.06	.803
Stayed the same	6.73	.009

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	21.49	< .001
Increased	0.02	.889
Stayed the same	20.35	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	102.21	< .001
Increased	2.29	.130
Stayed the same	126.29	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	243.33	< .001
Increased	12.84	.005
Stayed the same	201.87	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	96.17	< .001
Increased	1.29	.732
Stayed the same	105.74	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	104.52	< .001
Increased	0.92	.820
Stayed the same	115.05	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	104.52	< .001
Increased	0.92	.820
Stayed the same	115.05	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	5.59	3.96	7.22	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.93	7.77	10.08	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.33	1.70	4.96	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.53	-7.31	-1.75	.003
Decreased	-5.03	-7.65	-2.41	.001
Increased	-2.66	-7.25	1.93	.257

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.68	-1.45	2.81	> .999
Decreased	-2.96	-4.96	-0.96	.011
Increased	-0.48	-4.05	3.08	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.67	1.67	5.68	< .001
Decreased	6.31	4.50	8.12	< .001
Increased	7.33	4.07	10.60	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	16.51	13.16	19.86	< .001
Decreased	9.44	6.10	12.79	< .001
Increased	18.96	15.00	22.92	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.09	-1.83	2.02	.995
Decreased - Stayed the same	6.05	4.68	7.42	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	5.96	4.03	7.88	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.37	-8.62	-2.11	.002
Decreased	-5.80	-8.90	-2.70	.001
Increased	4.95	-0.47	10.38	.074

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.06	0.57	5.55	.048
Decreased	-0.51	-2.89	1.86	.672
Increased	2.30	-1.92	6.53	.571

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.31	1.97	6.65	.001
Decreased	4.03	1.86	6.20	.001
Increased	8.50	4.62	12.38	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	20.84	16.93	24.76	< .001
Decreased	13.94	9.98	17.90	< .001
Increased	24.67	20.01	29.33	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	2.82	1.31	4.34	.001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.50	6.43	8.58	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.68	3.16	6.20	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.98	-7.56	-2.41	< .001
Decreased	-5.43	-7.87	-3.00	< .001
Increased	1.12	-3.20	5.44	.610

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	1.88	-0.09	3.85	.184
Decreased	-1.70	-3.56	0.16	.184
Increased	1.01	-2.34	4.36	.554

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.95	2.10	5.79	< .001
Decreased	5.16	3.48	6.85	< .001
Increased	7.88	4.82	10.93	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	18.69	15.60	21.77	< .001
Decreased	11.67	8.57	14.77	< .001
Increased	21.81	18.16	25.46	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2375)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 4223)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1303)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 391)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	19.13	< .001
Minor	0.20	.657
Major	11.87	.001
Extreme	5.11	.024

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	5.52	.019
Minor	0.00	> .999
Major	1.52	.218
Extreme	7.78	.005

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	6.81	.009
Minor	1.34	.247
Major	2.72	.099
Extreme	0.00	> .999

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.02	.898
Minor	0.26	.610
Major	1.21	.272
Extreme	0.08	.779

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	22.85	< .001
Minor	0.00	> .999
Major	10.97	.001
Extreme	19.64	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	41.79	< .001
Minor	1.89	.169
Major	26.29	< .001
Extreme	2.59	.108

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	468.56	< .001
Minor	4.10	.043
Major	241.17	< .001
Extreme	222.52	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	562.95	< .001
Minor	35.09	< .001
Major	322.42	< .001
Extreme	331.32	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	478.56	< .001
Minor	7.56	.056
Major	248.35	< .001
Extreme	239.49	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.020
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.078
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	498.53	< .001
Minor	5.99	.112
Major	268.13	< .001
Extreme	226.28	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.020
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.078
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	498.53	< .001
Minor	5.99	.112
Major	268.13	< .001
Extreme	226.28	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-10.29	-11.48	-9.11	< .001
None - Major	-21.90	-23.50	-20.30	< .001
None - Extreme	-32.90	-35.42	-30.37	< .001
Minor - Major	-11.61	-13.08	-10.14	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-22.60	-25.05	-20.15	< .001
Major - Extreme	-10.99	-13.67	-8.32	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-4.11	-7.56	-0.67	.019
Minor	-6.82	-9.17	-4.46	< .001
Extreme	-10.48	-17.49	-3.48	.011
Major	-5.02	-8.75	-1.28	.017

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	0.13	-2.44	2.70	.920
Minor	-2.87	-4.65	-1.08	.007
Extreme	-2.66	-8.96	3.64	.816
Major	-3.24	-6.14	-0.33	.088

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-0.40	-3.30	2.50	> .999
Minor	0.03	-1.62	1.69	> .999
Extreme	-1.48	-7.74	4.78	> .999
Major	2.42	-0.29	5.13	.323

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	18.45	13.70	23.20	< .001
Minor	11.13	8.40	13.85	< .001
Extreme	7.56	0.10	15.03	.048
Major	5.60	1.67	9.53	.011

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.98	-10.43	-7.54	< .001
None - Major	-17.63	-19.57	-15.69	< .001
None - Extreme	-22.68	-25.75	-19.61	< .001
Minor - Major	-8.65	-10.43	-6.86	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-13.70	-16.67	-10.72	< .001
Major - Extreme	-5.05	-8.30	-1.81	.012

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-2.69	-6.71	1.34	.382
Minor	-6.95	-9.79	-4.11	< .001
Extreme	-3.59	-12.20	5.03	.415
Major	-4.72	-9.61	0.17	.176

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	3.11	0.11	6.11	.168
Minor	0.16	-2.00	2.32	> .999
Extreme	-0.91	-8.65	6.84	> .999
Major	-1.50	-5.31	2.31	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	4.69	1.29	8.08	.028
Minor	-0.65	-2.64	1.34	.896
Extreme	-3.00	-10.75	4.74	.896
Major	2.52	-1.02	6.06	.491

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	20.54	14.98	26.10	< .001
Minor	16.64	13.35	19.93	< .001
Extreme	18.51	9.54	27.49	< .001
Major	14.40	9.29	19.52	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.67	-10.78	-8.56	< .001
None - Major	-19.78	-21.27	-18.29	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.81	-30.17	-25.45	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.11	-11.49	-8.74	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-18.14	-20.43	-15.85	< .001
Major - Extreme	-8.03	-10.53	-5.53	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.46	-6.62	-0.30	.064
Minor	-6.90	-9.10	-4.71	< .001
Extreme	-7.04	-13.59	-0.48	.064
Major	-4.86	-8.49	-1.24	.026

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	1.64	-0.71	4.00	.402
Minor	-1.31	-2.98	0.36	.402
Extreme	-1.77	-7.63	4.10	.555
Major	-2.36	-5.18	0.45	.402

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	2.10	-0.56	4.76	.368
Minor	-0.35	-1.89	1.18	.904
Extreme	-2.23	-8.05	3.58	.904
Major	2.45	-0.15	5.06	.262

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	19.51	15.17	23.86	< .001
Minor	13.90	11.37	16.43	< .001
Extreme	13.03	6.15	19.91	< .001
Major	9.95	6.17	13.74	< .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5860)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2424)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	6.63	.010
Yes	6.63	.010

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	7.27	.007
Yes	7.27	.007

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.84	.175
Yes	1.84	.175

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.6	.206
Yes	1.6	.206

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.26	.262
Yes	1.26	.262

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	11.73	.001
Yes	11.73	.001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	32.65	< .001
Yes	32.65	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	57.5	< .001
Yes	57.5	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	44.42	< .001
Yes	44.42	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	37.8	< .001
Yes	37.8	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	37.8	< .001
Yes	37.8	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.52	-9.7	-7.35	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 6817)\)
  • Yes \((N = 1028)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	3.79	.052
Yes	3.79	.052

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.08	.298
Yes	1.08	.298

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.11	.740
Yes	0.11	.740

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.56	.456
Yes	0.56	.456

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.01	.907
Yes	0.01	.907

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	13.57	< .001
Yes	13.57	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	13.17	< .001
Yes	13.17	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	55.65	< .001
Yes	55.65	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	18.35	< .001
Yes	18.35	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	21.72	< .001
Yes	21.72	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	21.72	< .001
Yes	21.72	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-10.84	-12.48	-9.21	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 210)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 179)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 291)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1867)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 181)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 163)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 411)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.36	.244
Time away from work	0.00	> .999
Inability find childcare	0.20	.656
Concern for covid	1.00	.318
Caring for family	0.00	> .999
Vaccine hesitancy	0.51	.474
Other	13.84	< .001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	.972
Time away from work	4.31	.038
Inability find childcare	1.68	.194
Concern for covid	2.14	.144
Caring for family	1.79	.181
Vaccine hesitancy	5.31	.021
Other	0.82	.364

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.98	.159
Time away from work	0.93	.335
Inability find childcare	0.03	.864
Concern for covid	1.39	.239
Caring for family	0.34	.562
Vaccine hesitancy	2.56	.110
Other	1.20	.274

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.02	.899
Time away from work	1.81	.178
Inability find childcare	0.34	.562
Concern for covid	0.38	.535
Caring for family	0.69	.405
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	.968
Other	4.85	.028

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.15	.076
Time away from work	4.92	.027
Inability find childcare	2.67	.102
Concern for covid	3.46	.063
Caring for family	4.65	.031
Vaccine hesitancy	3.90	.048
Other	12.08	.001

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	15.80	< .001
Time away from work	3.50	.061
Inability find childcare	5.83	.016
Concern for covid	15.74	< .001
Caring for family	5.95	.015
Vaccine hesitancy	1.02	.313
Other	7.04	.008

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.37	.066
Time away from work	1.91	.167
Inability find childcare	10.79	.001
Concern for covid	22.51	< .001
Caring for family	12.57	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	7.32	.007
Other	2.23	.136

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	17.73	< .001
Time away from work	8.38	.039
Inability find childcare	15.26	.002
Concern for covid	47.09	< .001
Caring for family	16.84	.001
Vaccine hesitancy	21.60	< .001
Other	7.43	.059

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	11.65	.009
Time away from work	4.63	.201
Inability find childcare	13.42	.004
Concern for covid	33.83	< .001
Caring for family	22.80	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	30.88	< .001
Other	19.73	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	11.05	.011
Time away from work	3.27	.351
Inability find childcare	17.72	.001
Concern for covid	33.91	< .001
Caring for family	22.17	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	11.34	.010
Other	7.83	.050

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	6.55	.088
Time away from work	2.54	.468
Inability find childcare	13.56	.004
Concern for covid	25.37	< .001
Caring for family	12.76	.005
Vaccine hesitancy	11.54	.009
Other	14.52	.002

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2760)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1382)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3719)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 416)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.52	.471
No, not eligible	5.60	.018
Unsure	0.37	.542
Yes	7.74	.005

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	4.71	.030
No, not eligible	0.91	.340
Unsure	2.45	.117
Yes	0.00	.983

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	2.98	.084
No, not eligible	15.44	< .001
Unsure	1.77	.183
Yes	11.57	.001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.00	.974
No, not eligible	0.07	.798
Unsure	0.04	.840
Yes	0.04	.840

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.58	.058
No, not eligible	118.51	< .001
Unsure	0.94	.332
Yes	109.04	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.03	.008
No, not eligible	80.10	< .001
Unsure	0.60	.439
Yes	48.03	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.87	.009
No, not eligible	1101.87	< .001
Unsure	10.83	.001
Yes	1297.97	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	18.59	< .001
No, not eligible	1172.71	< .001
Unsure	14.41	.002
Yes	1357.07	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	20.93	< .001
No, not eligible	1157.34	< .001
Unsure	16.51	.001
Yes	1332.39	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	20.11	< .001
No, not eligible	1154.94	< .001
Unsure	11.89	.008
Yes	1322.11	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	20.11	< .001
No, not eligible	1154.94	< .001
Unsure	11.89	.008
Yes	1322.11	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	2.58	1.03	4.13	.006
No, know how - Unsure	-1.78	-4.53	0.97	.583
No, know how - Yes	-2.49	-4.11	-0.87	.014
No, not eligible - Unsure	-4.36	-6.90	-1.82	.004
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.07	-6.30	-3.83	< .001
Unsure - Yes	-0.71	-3.30	1.87	.949

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1968)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1588)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1968)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1483)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 199)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 600)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.30	.583
No, didn’t know how	4.08	.043
No, not available	17.40	< .001
No, planned	0.25	.619
Yes	10.98	.001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.58	.058
No, didn’t know how	1.73	.189
No, not available	15.02	< .001
No, planned	0.85	.355
Yes	4.05	.044

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	9.69	.002
No, didn’t know how	1.37	.242
No, not available	0.08	.781
No, planned	1.26	.261
Yes	9.41	.002

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.75	.186
No, didn’t know how	7.44	.006
No, not available	0.06	.806
No, planned	0.34	.557
Yes	1.23	.267

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.70	.404
No, didn’t know how	0.00	.953
No, not available	12.14	< .001
No, planned	32.01	< .001
Yes	66.39	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.01	.921
No, didn’t know how	0.00	.952
No, not available	12.36	< .001
No, planned	46.05	< .001
Yes	95.54	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.00	.986
No, didn’t know how	12.41	< .001
No, not available	86.69	< .001
No, planned	191.53	< .001
Yes	446.83	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.00	.986
No, didn’t know how	12.41	< .001
No, not available	86.69	< .001
No, planned	191.53	< .001
Yes	446.83	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.80	.284
No, didn’t know how	13.94	.003
No, not available	94.42	< .001
No, planned	207.35	< .001
Yes	479.64	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.11	.375
No, didn’t know how	16.80	.001
No, not available	95.87	< .001
No, planned	207.10	< .001
Yes	474.44	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.24	.971
No, didn’t know how	18.09	< .001
No, not available	98.40	< .001
No, planned	221.43	< .001
Yes	501.29	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.24	.971
No, didn’t know how	18.09	< .001
No, not available	98.40	< .001
No, planned	221.43	< .001
Yes	501.29	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
N/A - No, didn’t know how	-1.30	-5.33	2.73	.970
N/A - No, not available	4.01	1.65	6.37	.008
N/A - No, planned	2.86	0.48	5.25	.128
N/A - Yes	-1.10	-3.39	1.20	.883
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	5.31	1.61	9.02	.040
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	4.16	0.45	7.88	.181
No, didn’t know how - Yes	0.21	-3.46	3.87	> .999
No, not available - No, planned	-1.15	-2.93	0.63	.712
No, not available - Yes	-5.11	-6.77	-3.45	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-3.96	-5.65	-2.27	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 609)\)
• Hard \((N = 1007)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4491)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	27.01	< .001
Somewhat hard	9.86	.002
Hard	2.20	.138
Very hard	7.24	.007

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	2.95	.086
Somewhat hard	1.63	.201
Hard	0.77	.380
Very hard	4.88	.027

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	11.01	.001
Somewhat hard	2.03	.154
Hard	2.76	.097
Very hard	3.06	.080

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1.27	.259
Somewhat hard	0.82	.364
Hard	1.37	.242
Very hard	0.69	.408

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	69.35	< .001
Somewhat hard	26.97	< .001
Hard	9.67	.002
Very hard	9.63	.002

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	80.11	< .001
Somewhat hard	30.48	< .001
Hard	14.69	< .001
Very hard	8.25	.004

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	827.45	< .001
Somewhat hard	172.83	< .001
Hard	210.44	< .001
Very hard	232.34	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	948.41	< .001
Somewhat hard	210.13	< .001
Hard	224.46	< .001
Very hard	308.90	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	866.35	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.64	< .001
Hard	223.40	< .001
Very hard	234.45	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	885.30	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.97	< .001
Hard	231.32	< .001
Very hard	234.23	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	885.30	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.97	< .001
Hard	231.32	< .001
Very hard	234.23	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.56	-11.78	-9.35	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.99	-18.62	-15.36	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.94	-27.95	-23.92	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.43	-8.20	-4.65	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.37	-17.51	-13.24	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.95	-11.34	-6.55	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.85	-9.40	-4.30	< .001
Very hard	-7.17	-12.80	-1.54	.026
Somewhat hard	-6.28	-9.31	-3.25	< .001
Hard	-4.54	-8.78	-0.31	.036

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.82	-3.68	0.04	.113
Very hard	-6.40	-10.94	-1.85	.024
Somewhat hard	-2.57	-4.99	-0.15	.113
Hard	-1.78	-5.14	1.58	.299

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.97	-2.86	0.91	> .999
Very hard	0.41	-4.11	4.94	> .999
Somewhat hard	1.27	-1.01	3.54	> .999
Hard	1.42	-1.83	4.66	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.49	5.69	13.28	< .001
Very hard	6.61	1.45	11.78	.022
Somewhat hard	11.71	7.95	15.47	< .001
Hard	4.88	1.13	8.62	.022

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.11	-10.57	-7.64	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-15.07	-17.04	-13.11	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-18.29	-20.72	-15.86	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.97	-8.11	-3.82	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-9.18	-11.76	-6.60	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-3.22	-6.11	-0.33	.128

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.67	-8.68	-2.65	.001
Very hard	-5.74	-13.14	1.65	.257
Somewhat hard	-6.35	-9.97	-2.73	.002
Hard	-3.98	-9.36	1.40	.257

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.37	-0.82	3.56	.883
Very hard	-1.24	-7.26	4.78	.883
Somewhat hard	-1.58	-4.48	1.31	.883
Hard	1.78	-2.51	6.07	.883

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.46	0.22	4.69	.125
Very hard	-2.32	-8.19	3.55	> .999
Somewhat hard	-1.04	-3.75	1.67	> .999
Hard	0.04	-4.11	4.18	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	16.36	11.89	20.83	< .001
Very hard	10.86	4.10	17.62	.002
Somewhat hard	17.78	13.32	22.24	< .001
Hard	13.80	9.07	18.52	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.84	-10.97	-8.71	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.06	-17.58	-14.55	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-22.12	-24.00	-20.24	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.23	-7.88	-4.57	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-12.28	-14.27	-10.29	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-6.06	-8.29	-3.83	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.30	-8.65	-3.95	< .001
Very hard	-6.46	-11.91	-1.00	.041
Somewhat hard	-6.32	-9.13	-3.50	< .001
Hard	-4.29	-8.34	-0.24	.041

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.22	-1.93	1.49	> .999
Very hard	-3.80	-8.22	0.62	.284
Somewhat hard	-2.08	-4.33	0.18	.284
Hard	0.11	-3.11	3.32	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.70	-1.04	2.43	> .999
Very hard	-0.95	-5.27	3.38	> .999
Somewhat hard	0.11	-2.00	2.22	> .999
Hard	0.65	-2.44	3.73	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.93	9.44	16.42	< .001
Very hard	8.73	3.74	13.72	.001
Somewhat hard	14.74	11.28	18.21	< .001
Hard	9.30	5.75	12.84	< .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1838)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1959)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 968)\)
  • Social \((N = 890)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 927)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 818)\)
  • Other \((N = 225)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	6.48	.011
House	7.26	.007
Utilities	31.52	< .001
Healthcare	21.62	< .001
Social	0.20	.654
Emotional	4.84	.028
Childcare	5.80	.016
Other	2.45	.117

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	1.32	.250
House	0.15	.699
Utilities	14.53	< .001
Healthcare	0.65	.419
Social	0.64	.424
Emotional	2.29	.130
Childcare	0.54	.462
Other	1.28	.257

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	9.73	.002
House	6.57	.010
Utilities	5.34	.021
Healthcare	17.04	< .001
Social	0.32	.569
Emotional	1.90	.168
Childcare	7.56	.006
Other	0.14	.707

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	1.15	.284
House	1.53	.217
Utilities	0.06	.803
Healthcare	0.53	.466
Social	0.03	.872
Emotional	0.10	.750
Childcare	1.24	.265
Other	0.01	.932

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	29.17	< .001
House	22.70	< .001
Utilities	40.85	< .001
Healthcare	0.07	.798
Social	0.00	.951
Emotional	0.03	.867
Childcare	21.90	< .001
Other	1.32	.250

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	33.95	< .001
House	47.05	< .001
Utilities	33.99	< .001
Healthcare	14.17	< .001
Social	0.23	.630
Emotional	0.00	.959
Childcare	2.15	.143
Other	0.00	.962

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	283.46	< .001
House	377.89	< .001
Utilities	744.67	< .001
Healthcare	1.45	.229
Social	145.39	< .001
Emotional	180.04	< .001
Childcare	27.77	< .001
Other	81.29	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	327.90	< .001
House	480.90	< .001
Utilities	876.07	< .001
Healthcare	30.40	< .001
Social	161.20	< .001
Emotional	203.34	< .001
Childcare	28.43	< .001
Other	99.81	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	305.47	< .001
House	392.94	< .001
Utilities	773.29	< .001
Healthcare	2.81	.422
Social	158.36	< .001
Emotional	189.97	< .001
Childcare	46.59	< .001
Other	84.02	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	310.93	< .001
House	404.37	< .001
Utilities	763.15	< .001
Healthcare	21.77	< .001
Social	164.05	< .001
Emotional	210.82	< .001
Childcare	37.03	< .001
Other	84.72	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	292.77	< .001
House	391.15	< .001
Utilities	757.09	< .001
Healthcare	21.50	< .001
Social	156.80	< .001
Emotional	181.11	< .001
Childcare	35.04	< .001
Other	87.26	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4606)\)
  • 1 \((N = 828)\)
  • 2 \((N = 1069)\)
  • 3 \((N = 889)\)
  • 4 \((N = 483)\)
  • 5 \((N = 249)\)
  • 6 \((N = 111)\)
  • 7 \((N = 64)\)
  • 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	26.83	< .001
1	2.15	.142
2	3.90	.048
3	3.95	.047
4	4.07	.044
5	0.02	.900
6	4.59	.032

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.32	.068
1	0.60	.440
2	2.56	.110
3	0.07	.796
4	0.01	.920
5	0.01	.934
6	1.85	.173

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	10.63	.001
1	0.07	.796
2	0.13	.721
3	6.27	.012
4	5.20	.023
5	0.00	.971
6	2.24	.134

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.10	.295
1	1.17	.279
2	0.02	.877
3	0.11	.736
4	0.01	.942
5	0.04	.842
6	0.11	.744

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	69.96	< .001
1	26.64	< .001
2	19.74	< .001
3	5.15	.023
4	0.73	.393
5	0.24	.626
6	2.97	.085

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	78.71	< .001
1	26.65	< .001
2	21.86	< .001
3	8.42	.004
4	0.00	.986
5	0.62	.432
6	2.49	.115

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	809.19	< .001
1	94.10	< .001
2	178.77	< .001
3	113.70	< .001
4	53.73	< .001
5	39.87	< .001
6	26.60	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	935.83	< .001
1	111.94	< .001
2	206.76	< .001
3	139.31	< .001
4	65.16	< .001
5	49.19	< .001
6	33.74	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	850.14	< .001
1	109.16	< .001
2	187.16	< .001
3	125.35	< .001
4	56.66	< .001
5	44.43	< .001
6	30.50	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.307
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	866.58	< .001
1	110.15	< .001
2	194.04	< .001
3	121.38	< .001
4	59.50	< .001
5	44.10	< .001
6	34.33	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.168
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	866.58	< .001
1	110.15	< .001
2	194.04	< .001
3	121.38	< .001
4	59.50	< .001
5	44.10	< .001
6	34.33	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.15	4.83	5.46	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.31	3.93	4.69	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.73	4.43	5.02	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	26.83	< .001
1+	26.83	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.32	.068
1+	3.32	.068

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	10.63	.001
1+	10.63	.001

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.1	.295
1+	1.1	.295

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	69.96	< .001
1+	69.96	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	78.71	< .001
1+	78.71	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	809.19	< .001
1+	809.19	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	935.83	< .001
1+	935.83	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	850.14	< .001
1+	850.14	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.717
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	866.58	< .001
1+	866.58	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.513
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	866.58	< .001
1+	866.58	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-15.2	-16.24	-14.16	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.72	-9.22	-4.21	< .001
1+	-6.05	-8.39	-3.71	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-2.03	-3.85	-0.20	.030
1+	-2.84	-4.71	-0.96	.006

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.06	-2.9	0.79	.262
1+	2.66	0.9	4.42	.006

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.54	5.82	13.25	< .001
1+	9.72	7.31	12.14	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-12.45	-13.69	-11.2	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.66	-8.62	-2.69	< .001
1+	-5.65	-8.50	-2.81	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.06	-1.10	3.22	.673
1+	-0.40	-2.68	1.88	.732

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.26	0.07	4.45	.087
1+	0.12	-2.03	2.27	.912

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	16.04	11.66	20.41	< .001
1+	15.97	13.04	18.89	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-13.83	-14.8	-12.86	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.23	-8.54	-3.92	< .001
1+	-5.86	-8.05	-3.67	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.48	-2.17	1.20	.574
1+	-1.56	-3.32	0.19	.161

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.55	-1.15	2.25	.525
1+	1.38	-0.27	3.02	.203

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	12.79	9.37	16.20	< .001
1+	12.83	10.59	15.08	< .001